前言

《豬場生物安全手冊》是在中德畜牧業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新中心中德畜牧業(yè)合作項目框架下集合中德兩國專家和從業(yè)人員力量編制的一本手冊。由德方哈曼博士和戴夫斯先生主筆、中方郭豐娟女士翻譯、孫其龍先生校對完成。本手冊圖文并茂，結(jié)合德國豬場生物安全工作要點，從豬場有害生物控制、牧場運(yùn)輸環(huán)節(jié)、人員把控、清潔消毒和飼喂安全等方面詳細(xì)闡述了豬場生物安全防控的主要內(nèi)容。這對于增強(qiáng)豬場管理和飼養(yǎng)人員生物安全意識，提高豬場生物安全防護(hù)工作具有借鑒和參考意義。今天節(jié)選有害生物管控部分以饗讀者。

1 Pest Control 有害生物管控

1.1 Generalthoughts 概述

The importance of biosecurity in pig production is often not sufficiently appreciated

對有害生物的管控是生物安全不可或缺的組成部分，經(jīng)常會被忽視

Adequate control of rodents, birds, insects and weeds isnecessary to prevent entry of diseases to the farm.

為防止致病菌侵入豬場，必須對嚙齒類動物、鳥類、昆蟲等進(jìn)行控制，并清除雜草

Make a plan tocontrol pests present on the farm.

根據(jù)豬場有害生物的現(xiàn)實情況，制定相應(yīng)的防害計劃

Keep record ofexisting pests and products used for control.

對場區(qū)有害生物的現(xiàn)存情況以及用于防害的產(chǎn)品的使用情況進(jìn)行調(diào)查和記錄

Use traps tocontrol rodents.

用設(shè)誘餌的方法控制和消除嚙齒類動物

Traps should be placed at strategic locations that arenot hazardous to children, staff and animals.

防鼠和滅鼠裝置所放置的位置要避免對兒童、員工和其它動物造成傷害

Have a sketch ofthe location of the traps and bait-stations.

制定放置捕鼠器和誘餌的定位草圖

Place meshesto prevent the entry of birds into production areas.

設(shè)置防鳥網(wǎng)防止鳥類進(jìn)入生產(chǎn)區(qū)

Specificinsecticides must be used for the control of flies.

必須使用特定的殺蟲制劑控制蚊蠅類有害生物

Keep the farmfree of garbage, waste and dirt.

保持豬場清潔，清除垃圾、廢棄物和污染物

1.2 RodentControl 嚙齒類動物防控

Rats and house mice occur worldwide as pests around people. They exist at our cellars, in the sewers, on dumpsters,in parks, in warehousesandfirstofallonfarms.Ratscancausenotonlysignificantdamage to supplies and to materials, but they also carry and spread deadly diseases for people and farm animals. Thefight against the rodents isoften underestimated. They are besidesother vectors responsible for serious outbreaks in the past like FMD (= Food and MouthDisease) and CSF (=Classical Swine Fever)in Europe. The rodentsmust also be seen as a big thread for spreadingASF in Europe and especially in China at themoment.

在豬業(yè)生產(chǎn)中鼠類被認(rèn)定為有害生物，出現(xiàn)在世界各地，可以存活在地窖、下水道、垃圾箱、公園、倉庫等處，在牧場尤為可見。鼠類不僅會對生產(chǎn)物資和設(shè)施設(shè)備造成嚴(yán)重的損害，而且還會攜帶和傳播給牧場牲畜和人員致命的病菌。對嚙齒類動物，尤其鼠類防控的重要性常常被低估。在過去歐洲爆發(fā)口蹄疫和豬瘟?xí)r，除了其它傳播媒介外，鼠類造成的破壞和損失非常大！嚙齒類動物對非洲豬瘟在歐洲，特別是當(dāng)下在中國的傳播是巨大的威脅，必須引起足夠的重視！

Recognition oflive or dead rodents.

辨識出存活或死亡的嚙齒類動物

Droppingslike faeces or insulating material.

是否存在鼠糞或鼠類造成的污垢，房舍的絕緣材料是否被破壞（鼠類筑巢處）

Runways,inside and outside.

在建筑內(nèi)外活動的軌跡

Tunnels,holes signs of movement.

地道、鼠洞 活動跡象

Check withultraviolet light and have a look for faeces and urine.

用紫外線燈照射查看是否存在鼠糞和鼠尿

引自 Figure 1 Runways of rodentsout and inside ofbuildings (Source:BMEL, 2018)

Commensalrodents, Rattus norvegicus (brown rat), Rattus flavipectus (black rat) and Musmusculus (house mouse), are the most important pests both in urban and ruralregions.

棕鼠、黑鼠和家鼠是同類鼠中在城鄉(xiāng)地區(qū)危害最大的嚙齒類動物。

1.3 Biological key data of rats andmice 鼠類生物學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)

引自 Table 1 Source: BMEL, 2018

1.4 Reasons for a rodentcontrol防控嚙齒類動物的原因

1. 1.4.1 Rodents are carrier and important vectors for importantpig diseases.

嚙齒類動物攜帶致病菌，傳播疫病，是養(yǎng)豬業(yè)的重大隱患

Around100 diseases can be transmitted from rodents to humans and animals. For animalsand humans should be mentioned among other things:

約有100 種疾病可以由嚙齒類動物傳染給人類和其它動物，其中涉及：

引自 Figure 2 Source: PIH-107, 2010, fc 2019

Also, parasites are introduced via rats and mice, suchas ticks, fleas and tapeworms.

此外，大鼠和小家鼠還會傳播寄生蟲，如蜱蟲、跳蚤和絳蟲類。

1. 1.4.2 Spread or accelerate the spreadofdiseases. 傳播或加速疾病的傳播

1. 1.4.3 Attract other predators, rodents arealso a food source.

會吸引其它動物聚集（嚙齒類動物會被其它動物捕食），造成更大的損失

1.5 Steps of rodentcontrol 管控嚙齒類動物的措施

1. 1.5.1 Sanitation 環(huán)境衛(wèi)生

Plant free areaaround the buildings

清除建筑周圍的植物

Clean and removeany garbage, waste anddirt!!!

清潔和清除所有垃圾、廢物和污染物?。。?/span>

Grass must becut regularly

定期修短草坪

Search for holesin the grass and place baits in holes

尋找草坪上的鼠洞，放置誘餌

引自 Figure 3 Perfect habitat for rodents (Source: BMEL,2018)

1. 1.5.2 Rodentproofconstruction 豬場建筑防鼠措施

Buildings needto be rodent proofed.

具備防止鼠類進(jìn)入豬場的措施

Close holes, cracks and improve the surrounding area ofthe buildings

封閉孔洞、裂縫，改善建筑物周圍環(huán)境

Keep anydoors, windows and entries for humans closed.

人員進(jìn)出時關(guān)閉好所有的門、窗和入口

Lay a band ofgravel around the buildings (at least 50 cm wide).

在建筑四周鋪筑至少 50cm 寬的碎石道

1. 1.5.3 Populationreduction 減少數(shù)量的措施

Trapping 捕鼠夾

Set traps right against the wall, corners, dark places,where mice like to hide.

在墻壁角落、黑暗的地方貼墻設(shè)置捕鼠夾（鼠類喜歡躲藏之處）

引自 Figure 4 Source: PIH-107, 2010

1. 1.5.4 Useofrodenticides 使用滅鼠劑

Continuous useof toxic baits safest rat and mice reduction.

持續(xù)使用毒餌安全的滅鼠方法

The populationis kept on a low level.

有效降低數(shù)量

Using baitstations in and outside the buildings.

在建筑物內(nèi)外均放置毒餌

Check the baitstations on a monthly basis.

每月檢查毒餌的消耗情況

Change thebrand or kind of baits keep it attractive for rodents

更換不同種類的毒餌 可保持毒餌的誘食效果

theremust always be warning signs attached in visible places so that people cannotby mistake get in contact with poison

可見處必須始終有警告標(biāo)志，以免人們誤接觸毒藥

Active ingredients: Anticoagulantsare inhibiting blood clotting.

活性成分：抗凝血劑可抑制血液凝結(jié)

Anticoagulants first generation: Warfarin,Coumatetralyl, Chlorophacinone, etc. have to be taken by rodents several timesto be effective.

第一代抗凝血藥：華法林、殺鼠醚、氯鼠酮等，嚙齒類動物必須連續(xù)多次采食才能起效。

引自 Figure 5 Different types of baits (Source: BMEL, 2018)

Anticoagulants Second Generation: Bromadioloneand Difenacoum, later Brodifacoum, Flocoumafen and Difethialone killeffectively after the first intake by rodents.

第二代抗凝血藥：溴敵隆和鼠得克、大隆、氟鼠酮和噻鼠酮， 在第一次采食后即可有效滅殺嚙齒類動物。

If therodents have developed a genetic resistance against anticoagulants of the firstgeneration, the usage of anticoagulants of the second generation is necessary.

如果嚙齒類動物對第一代抗凝血藥產(chǎn)生了遺傳抗性，則有必要使用第二代抗凝血藥。

Baitswith anticoagulant ingredients need to be placed in closed bait stations. So,non-target animals cannot eat them.

含抗凝劑成分的毒餌需要放置在封閉的誘餌盒內(nèi)。如此，非目標(biāo)動物不會受到滅鼠劑的負(fù)面影響，甚至被滅鼠劑毒死

引自 Figure 6 Examples for bait stations (Source: BMEL,2018)

1. 1.5.5 Cats and dogs 貓和狗的管控

Cats anddogs are a high risk inside animal farms and therefore not allowed.Furthermore, the rodents adapt their behaviour to the existence of predators intheir habitat. So an effective reduction is not achievable.

針對養(yǎng)殖場生物安全來說，貓和狗在養(yǎng)殖場中屬于高風(fēng)險動物，因此不能在場中飼養(yǎng)。而且，嚙齒類動物會很快適應(yīng)如貓、狗等捕食者的存在，所以靠貓狗來減少鼠類的措施在養(yǎng)殖場是無法實現(xiàn)的。