資料來源：德國生產(chǎn)批次化管理技術(shù)手冊

配種管理

The insemination success is influenced by a lot of different factors

inside a farm:

配種工作是否卓有成效受到諸多因素的影響；

? Health status (PRRS, Leptospirosis,…)

豬只健康狀況(藍耳病、鉤端螺旋體病……)

? Feeding

飼喂營養(yǎng)

? Housing */ climate

豬舍設(shè)置/舍內(nèi)氣候環(huán)境

^Fertility also depends to a large extent on thelighting regime. The use of instance light bands showed an increase of 0.55 inthe number of piglets born alive per sow and year.

繁殖力在很大程度上受光照制度的影響。比如，適宜的光照 能讓每頭母豬年產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)增加0.55頭。

Figue 5:Example of a functioning light programme in mating house (Source: GFC; 2018)

圖5；有效光照示例(來源；德國農(nóng)場咨詢有限責任公司 2018)

You need: 1 fluorescentlamp for 2 - 3 pens, 58Watt; 1,5 m above the sow's eyes, ca. 300 Lux

需要采取措施；® 2-3個欄位安裝一盞58瓦熒光燈；設(shè)置 在母豬眼睛正上方1.5米處，約300Lux。

The skills and technical professionalism of the workers are the keyfactors for the success of insemination

配種是否卓有成效的關(guān)鍵因素取決于操作人員的技術(shù)水平。

5.1Optimal timing for insemination 最佳配種時間

? 2 times a day heat control with an active boar - write down the result in aheat calendar.

每天兩次用公豬試情，并將結(jié)果錄入發(fā)情日歷。

? Ovulation: 30 to 36 h after toleration of theboar - start of thelast third of the heat.

排卵時刻：開始靜立（接受爬跨）后30 - 36 小時，即發(fā)情后三 分之一時段開始時。

? Difference in heat duration depends on the start of the heat: early,normal, late （24 up to 72 h）.

發(fā)情持續(xù)時間的長短取決于開始發(fā)情的時間；早、正常、晚 （24 -72小 時）。

? Short time period for fertilisation ability of sperms (max. 24 h) andovum (ca. 4 h) in the genital tract.

精子和卵子在生殖道中保持授精能力的持續(xù)時間較短，精子最長24小時，卵子約4小時。

? Optimal: 16 to 24 h before and up to 4 hafter ovulation.

最佳配種時間在排卵前16-24小時至排卵后4小時。

? Inside a farm we are not able to detect the exact time of ovulation, sowe work with double inseminations.

因在豬場內(nèi)無法精確地檢測排卵時間，因而我們通常配種兩次。

? The ovulation is mostly after 75 % of the heatperiod, or on average 42 h after the start of the heat. But there aredifferences between gilts and sows, i.e. gilts have a shorter heat period.Differences of heat duration can also be found between farms.

排卵大多數(shù)發(fā)生在發(fā)情期間的后四分之一時段，或平均在發(fā) 情42小時前后。但是和經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬相比，后備母豬的發(fā)情持續(xù)時間較短。不同養(yǎng)殖場的母豬發(fā)情持續(xù)時間也不同。

? A.I. after the ovulation reduces the success to achieve early gestation.

在排卵后進行人工授精會降低受胎成功率，導致母豬不能盡快妊娠。

? Early gestation is also influenced by breed,parity and nutritional status.

除此之外，品種、胎次以及飼喂營養(yǎng)效果也會影響母豬是否能夠盡快妊娠。

5.2 Insemination Monitoring 配種監(jiān)測

? For a good insemination monitoring of the chosen date of insemination ananalysis of farrowing rate, number of born piglets, live-born piglets, deadpiglets etc. should be carried out and the results should be compared fordifferent dates of insemination.

想要獲得良好的配種監(jiān)測效果，一定要分析各個配種環(huán)節(jié)的 關(guān)鍵數(shù)據(jù)，如分娩率、出生仔豬數(shù)、活仔數(shù)、死胎數(shù)等。還要在 不同的配種批次之間橫向比較這些數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果。

? The observations have to be written down very carefully.

同時，各項監(jiān)測結(jié)果必須認真記錄。

? The insemination monitoring should be done for gilts and sows. It ismore than only fertility monitoring.

對后備和經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬都要進行配種監(jiān)測，并有效利用這些監(jiān)測 結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù)，以便優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)。

? The heat detection is noted two times a day beginning with day 3 after weaning.

從斷奶后第3天開始，每天進行兩次發(fā)情鑒定，識別發(fā)情并 予以記錄。

? Write down the date and time of first, second and third A.I.

記錄下第一次、第二次及第三次配種的日期和時間。

0Add after 21 or 28 days the results of anultrasound pregnancy test.

記錄下配種后21 或 28天后的妊檢結(jié)果。

? Add the results of farrowing （yes / no - why not; total bornpiglets, live-born piglets, dead piglets）.

記錄下分娩結(jié)果（分娩/沒有分娩（原因）、出生仔豬數(shù)、 活產(chǎn)仔豬數(shù)、死胎數(shù)）。

Piglet index 仔豬指數(shù)：

It is a quick and easy tool to control your reproduction success bymultiplying the farrowing rate and live-born piglets. Changes in both traits can be seen very easily.

仔豬指數(shù)是一種有效和易于掌握的母豬繁殖性能的測量方 法，通過分娩率和活產(chǎn)仔數(shù)計算而來，這兩個參數(shù)的變化易于辨 識。

For example 例如：

? 84,0 x 11,7 =983 live-bornpiglets / 100 inseminatedsows

84.0 （分娩率）x 11.7 （活產(chǎn)仔數(shù)）=983活仔數(shù)/ 100頭 配種母豬

? 86,0 x 12,0 = 1032 live-bornpiglets / 100 inseminatedsows

86.0 （分娩率）x 12.0（活產(chǎn)仔數(shù)）=1032活仔數(shù)/ 100 頭配種母豬

->+ 49 live-bornpiglets with the same work!

在完成相同的工作的情況下，增加了49頭活產(chǎn)仔豬！

6: 配種監(jiān)測（來源； 德國農(nóng)場咨詢有限責任公司 2018）

With a complete insemination monitoring you areable to find problems in the A.I. management. It is also helpful to work withthe piglet index. By this, you are able to improve the performance of theinsemination in a stepwise manner.

通過落實完整的配種監(jiān)測，可及時發(fā)現(xiàn)配種管理中存在的問題并予以解決。仔豬指數(shù)是很有幫助的測量方法。如能貫徹落 實這些措施，將逐步獲得更多的配種成果。

5.3 Artificial Insemination - step by step 人工授精操作步驟

? Before inseminating the sows, clean your hands thoroughly, put on newgloves and use a paper towel to clean the vulva.

在紿母豬配種之前，請徹底清潔雙手，帶上新手套并用紙巾 清潔外陰。

? Lubricate the tip of the catheter using any non-spermicidal lubricant ora few drops of extended semen. Avoid getting lubricant in the opening of thecatheter.

使用不殺精子的潤滑劑或幾滴精液紿輸精管端口潤滑，但要避 免潤滑劑滲進端口。

? Gently guide the catheter, with the tip pointed up to avoid getting incontact with the bladder of the sow, through the vagina to the cervix.

輕慢斜上插入輸精管，避免輸精管接觸膀胱，通過陰道抵至 子宮頸。

? Clean your hands and use new materials for each sow

清潔雙手，每頭母豬都要使用新的耗材，耗材不能重復(fù)使用

Figure 7: Putting thecatheter into the sow's vulva

圖7；將輸精管插入母豬外陰

? A foam-tipped catheter isinserted up against the cervix:

將輸精管（帶泡沫端頭）插入子宮頸；

Figure 8: Pushing the catheter up to the cervix(Source: GFC; 2018)

匿8：將輸精管斜上推至子宮頸(來源；德國農(nóng)場咨詢有限 責任公司2018)

? Gently invert the bottle of diluted semen two or three times to mix thesemen.

輕輕地將裝盛已稀釋精液的精液袋倒置，并搖晃2到3次來 混合精液。

? Attach the bottle to the end of the catheter and discharge the semenslowly.

將精液袋與輸精管末端連接，使精液緩慢流岀。

? A gentle squeeze to start the process may be needed, but after that thesemen should be allowed to be taken up by the sow (uterine contractions).

可能需要起先輕輕的擠圧精液袋，但之后要讓精液自行流岀 （通過母豬子宮收縮）。

? This process takes at least 3 minutes.

整個輸精過程至少需要3分鐘。

? Gilts often take longer for insemination than breeding sows.

后備母豬（即頭胎母豬）需要的輸精時間比經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬略長。

? Depositing the semen too rapidly will cause a backflow of semen out ofthe vulva.

流注得太快會導致精液倒流岀陰戶

— In naturalservice, the boar spends 5 to 10 minutes at each breeding.

-一般本交時，公豬每次輸精需要5 到 10分鐘

? A small amount of semen backflow is expected. If a big amount ofbackflow occurs, stop the insemination.

會有少量精液倒流，如果發(fā)生大量倒流，則要停止輸精

? If semen flow stops

如果精液停止流動

? turn or move the catheter back and forward a bit to reinitiate semenflow.

稍微向前或向后移動或轉(zhuǎn)動輸精管，讓精液重新開始流動

? cut a small hole in the semen bottle if flow has stopped because of avacuum inside the bottle.

由于精液袋內(nèi)的真空現(xiàn)象導致流動停止，則可以在袋上扎出 一個小孔

Figure 9: Usage of boar imitating materials (Source: www. landwirt.com,2019

9:使用模仿公豬爬跨的工具（來源：com 2019)

? If there is a great deal ofresistance to the flow of semen, reposition the catheter because the tip may belodged against a cervical fold.

如果精液流動遇有阻力，需挪移輸精管，因其端口可能已緊 貼子宮頸褶皺

? Semen transport and fertilization can be inefficient when females arefrightened or disturbed. Females should always be handled calmly and gently.The breeder is trying to mimic the boar, and the breeder who takes the extratime and effort to imitate this well will have more success with A.I.

當母豬受到驚嚇或侵擾時，精液的輸送和受精效果會受到影 響，因而配種時對待母豬應(yīng)始終采取平靜和溫和的方式。為了達 到更好的配種效果，配種員應(yīng)花額外的時間和精力嘗試模仿公豬。

?A boar should always be present in front of thesows.

常規(guī)輸精時應(yīng)確保公豬始終出現(xiàn)在母豬面前

? Apply back-pressure to the sow in the presence of the boar and massagethe female's flank during insemination to increase the number or intensity ofuterine contractions that transport semen into the uterus.

對母豬壓背，并在輸精過程中按摩母豬側(cè)腹，以增加子宮收 縮的次數(shù)和強度。

? If a sow refuses the boar, simply remove it for at least an hour andthen try again.

如果母豬表現(xiàn)岀對公豬的拒絕，則需要將公豬轉(zhuǎn)離至少一小 時，之后再次嘗試。

? Sows have to initiate uterine contractions for sperm transport with thestanding reflex.

母豬必須通過靜立反射讓子宮收縮，以便完成精液輸送。

Figure 10: Boaron the boar boulevard for stimulation of the sows (Source: GFC; 2018)

ffi 10 :在公豬通道對母豬誘情的公豬

? When all of the semen has been "sucked" into the uterus,remove the catheter by rotating it clockwise while gently pulling.

所有精液被子宮“吸入”后，順時針旋轉(zhuǎn)輸精管并輕慢拉出。

? A new catheter should be used for each insemination to avoidtransmission of disease or infection from one sow to another.

每次輸精均需使用新的輸精管，以防母豬之間傳染疫病。

? Keep the newly inseminated sows in quiet surroundings for 20 to 30minutes.

確保已受精配種的母豬在安靜的環(huán)境中待駐20到30分鐘。

—Stress could disrupt semen transport and fertilization.

—精神圧力會破壞精液的輸送，影響受胎率。

? Write down the date and time of A.I. into the insemination monitoringlist!!!

在配種監(jiān)測清單中明確記錄配種的日期和時間! ! !